Knowledge Management Social Media Definition

Questions: 1.How can social media such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter be used to improve? 2.knowledge sharing, build social capital, support innovation? Answers: Introduction Todays whole world is connected by the Social Media and it has slowly become the integral part of our life. Social Media is considered the best medium for entertainment but the limit of social media is not restricted to that only (Leonardi, Huysman Steinfield, 2013). Its limit is endless. From common man to business person also use the social media to promote their brand because with the help of Social media, they can promote their brand internationally. And this promotion process is very much cost effective as with minimum cost, they can share it to the whole world (Tess, 2013). It is also used as the medium for knowledge sharing where companies can educate their employees and customers. Social media also helps in establishing the social capital which can help companies immensely. With social media, companies can support innovation by funding the RD projects or any new startups and later they can make an agreement. It also helps in problem solving that if any customer is facing any problem, the person can directly connect with the companys official page and can get instant help. The only drawback of using the social media is the it is prone to hacks that any unauthorized person will take the control over their official page and will restrict them to help others. The following report is about interaction of companies with the help of Social Media and how they use it for knowledge sharing, increase social capital, support innovation and also help in solving problem. The report also discuss about the drawbacks of using the social media. 1. Social Media Social Media is a medium through which people of different countries and background connect with each other. It is a collective of online channels for communication which is fully dedicated to the community of people where interaction, content sharing and collaboration occur. Social Media platforms include Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Social media is gradually becoming the integral part of human life as they find it more refreshing and stress free area. With the help of Social media, many companies have also been benefitted from that in promoting their brands. With the help of social media analytics, better business decisions can be made by collecting data from blogs and social media websites. Social media is generally used by companies to see what people think about them and how good their services are (Gibbs et al., 2015). Social media also helps in giving exposure to companies so that they can get the correct exposure and broaden their customer reach. Social media helps in cre ating a page where people are invited and likes their page. It is also a kind of business strategy where they conduct their survey and communicate with their customers who liked their page. Also social media gives a platform to customers to interact with their favorite brand and can know much more about them. Social media helps the company to get feedbacks about their product so that they can change it accordingly and also they can know how the customers feel using their products. There are some problems in Social media that it is prone to cyber attacks where their official page can be hacked and offensive messages can be posted which can result in unsatisfied customer experience. About the chosen company 7-Eleven is a retail store which has many branches offshore. The franchisee and licensed stores are run by the brands and the number varies over 56,000 and in over 18 countries (Ngai, Tao Moon, 2015). Chain of stores run by 7-Eleven was earlier known as Totem Stores until it was renamed by 7-Eleven. The reason behind the companys name is that the store remains open from 7:00 Am to 11:00 pm and also the store remains open for 7 days in a week. The reason behind the stores popularity is that it remains open even at times when other stores are closed thus the customers could get whatever they want at any time (Klausen, 2015). Social Media in Knowledge Sharing There is a taboo among people that social media only means a medium of entertainment but uses of Social media are countless (Trainor et al., 2014). They are not only meant for entertainment rather they are used for knowledge sharing too. With the help of social media, information can be shared and circulated around the whole world just within few hours. With the help of Social media, 7-Eleven can educate their customers about the products and information exchange also takes place. Social media helps in transferring the knowledge to every part of the world without even moving from your place (Ellison, Gibbs Weber, 2015). Knowledge sharing can help any organization to attract more customers which will gradually benefit the company (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013). With the help of knowledge sharing, they can tell their customers about their new products and can also give some glimpses of their new product in their line of manufacturing. With this, employees can increase their expertise . It is the lowest cost medium of transferring any form of messages to a large group of people and is also the fasted medium too. By taking the organizational factors into consideration, organizations can improve the condition of knowledge sharing (Saffer, Sommerfeldt Taylor, 2013). If there are any changes to be made in the piece of information, then it can be done easily and still it can reach to other people in no time. 2. Social Media in building of Social Capital Social Capital is the term where value of social relationships and networks that gives the economical growth to the organization is measured. Social media helps any company to get the social capital as many other organizations are also connected through the social media so they can exchange information and ideas and also can discuss about the future of their companies which they can implement to attract more customers (Tuten Solomon, 2014). With the help of social media, they can also know what other rival companies are up to and they can take cues from them to improve their business strategies. Social capital is very vital as it ensures trust among the co-workers, their satisfaction level and also the type of communication that occurs mainly between the peers, seniors and subordinates (Majchrzak et al., 2013). Social Capital also ensures the efficient working of employee. Main aim of social capital is to meet the organizational goals the best way possible. Twitter is the best examp le of creating the social capital as it includes all the groups like family, friendship, work, teams and many more. Building trust among the groups is very much important as it helps in co-ordination in different tasks. Social Capital basically works with heterogeneous group of people that is people of different backgrounds so that it can build a community that will make the work easier to do. Social capital also helps in creating a large group of people of different fields so that they can help each other when needed. Social media plays a great medium to have social capital (Nah Saxton, 2013). Role of social media in supporting innovation Social media can be proved as an excellent way to support and transfer information in each part of the organization. It is an incredible way to reach out to customers and take innovative ideas from them. Social media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIN and Twitter are great means of being in touch with the customers and also it helps the employees of the company to be in contact with each other (Anduiza, Cristancho Sabucedo, 2014). There are two ways to involve the companys network in development of new products and services. They are crowd sourcing and open innovation. In the process of crowd sourcing, the problem is shard in a particular area or group and the query is asked to be resolved by the members of the group. In the process of open innovation, the members of the company are asked to resolve a query and post it individually. There are various advantages of social media in the innovation. The advantages include- The creativity and wisdom of people outside of the workplace can be gained. Several queries can be posted online and various people can solve it (Kent, 2013). The most innovative response has to be chosen adding creativity in the companys products and services. If this is not done, the company has to be dependent on the previous ideas and hence the company will be deprived of the new and innovative ideas from the innovative minds. The innovation can also be posted online which will attract more customers to the company. Feedbacks can be taken online from different customers and thus the company can know about the changes that has to be made in the firm for better growth. The company can also post the ideas regarding the product and ask customers to choose the best among it and thus increasing transparency. Role of social media in problem solving Social media brings people together and hence, it can be proved as a great tool for problem solving. The ways in which social media can be used in problem solving are- If any problem occurs in the organization then it can be resolved using social media. The problem can be posted on the social media sites and the employees or the customers can be asked to slove the query. This way, the organization can get several ways to resolve the query. New and innovative minds will provide solutions and thus will provide effective results to solve the problem. There are various types of problems which arise in the organization on huge basis. If any employee faces problem in the organization regarding anything, he/she can post the problem on the social media site and thus can get huge support from other employees, the higher authorities can also know about the problem easily, and thus the problem can be solved within very short period of time. the higher authorities can also convey messages through social media sites and thus the message will be conveyed in a very short span of time and without any delay. Risks associated with the use of social media There are various risks that are associated with the use of social media in an organization. Those risks are- Use of social media results in lack of long duration motivation from the participants. In the traditional procedure, making any change or approving anything in the organization requires lot of paperwork. However, if social media is used, every change is made quickly and thus there is no prove of the change which can be harmful for the organization for the future purpose (Huang, Baptista Galliers, 2013). The organization has to face difficulty in management of projects of large scale and thus posing harmful effects on the company. Sometimes it happens that the authority is trying to create a social presence but the employees are not interested in it and thus wasting the time of authority. The biggest threat is that sometimes people pretend to be other people and post n their behalf. Thus, the information provided by the attacker can be fatal for the companys environment. At times, it also may happen that an individual has to say something important and thus, he/she may need attention but might be ignored. Conclusion Hence from the above discussion it is concluded that, social Media is considered the best medium for entertainment but the limit of social media is not restricted to that only. Its limit is endless. From common man to business person also use the social media to promote their brand because with the help of Social media, they can promote their brand internationally. Social media can help a firm to promote the business in different ways. It is also a kind of business strategy where they conduct their survey and communicate with their customers who liked their page. It helps in knowledge sharing, building of social capital, supports innovation in the firm and helps in the solving of many problems. There are various risks associated with social media as well. References Leonardi, P. M., Huysman, M., Steinfield, C. (2013). Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), 1-19. Tess, P. A. (2013). The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual)A literature review.Computers in Human Behavior,29(5), A60-A68. Gibbs, J. L., Eisenberg, J., Rozaidi, N. A., Gryaznova, A. (2015). The megapozitiv role of enterprise social media in enabling cross-boundary communication in a distributed Russian organization.American Behavioral Scientist,59(1), 75-102. Ngai, E. W., Tao, S. S., Moon, K. K. (2015). Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), 33-44. Klausen, J. (2015). Tweeting the Jihad: Social media networks of Western foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq.Studies in Conflict Terrorism,38(1), 1-22. Trainor, K. J., Andzulis, J. M., Rapp, A., Agnihotri, R. (2014). Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), 1201-1208. Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Ellison, N. B., Gibbs, J. L., Weber, M. S. (2015). The use of enterprise social network sites for knowledge sharing in distributed organizations: The role of organizational affordances.American Behavioral Scientist,59(1), 103-123. Saffer, A. J., Sommerfeldt, E. J., Taylor, M. (2013). The effects of organizational Twitter interactivity on organizationpublic relationships.Public Relations Review,39(3), 213-215. Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2014).Social media marketing. Sage. Majchrzak, A., Faraj, S., Kane, G. C., Azad, B. (2013). The contradictory influence of social media affordances on online communal knowledge sharing.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), 38-55. Nah, S., Saxton, G. D. (2013). Modeling the adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations.New Media Society,15(2), 294-313. Mergel, I., Bretschneider, S. I. (2013). A three?stage adoption process for social media use in government.Public Administration Review,73(3), 390-400. Anduiza, E., Cristancho, C., Sabucedo, J. M. (2014). Mobilization through online social networks: the political protest of the indignados in Spain.Information, Communication Society,17(6), 750-764. Kent, M. L. (2013). Using social media dialogically: Public relations role in reviving democracy.Public Relations Review,39(4), 337-345. Huang, J., Baptista, J., Galliers, R. D. (2013). Reconceptualizing rhetorical practices in organizations: The impact of social media on internal communications.Information Management,50(2), 112-124.

The Hidden Cost of Convenience Essay Sample free essay sample

Human existences have had a relationship with the Earth through farming since 10. 000 B. C. . and to this twenty-four hours humans remain dependent on that really relationship. The development in farming techniques has exploded since the early 1900’s with the development of chemical pesticides and Genetic Engineering ( GE ) . GE harvests treated with pesticides produce larger measures of nutrient at an immensely faster rate. Approximately 70 per centum of processed nutrient semen from GE seeds and are treated with chemical pesticides. Because of the monolithic sums of nutrient that are being produced. the dollar disbursal is decreased for these abundant merchandises. This may look to be an astonishing disclosure in nutrient engineering. but what if the very processes which make nutrient available. low-cost. and convenient are what is doing modern Americans ill? What are you truly giving for convenience? Pesticides are substances used to destruct insects or any other beings ( plagues ) that are harmful to cultivated workss or animate beings. There are many fluctuations of natural pesticides and chemical pesticides. The usage of chemical pesticides raises a contention about the safety of our nutrient. and our environment. A figure of surveies conducted by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Program suggest that the usage of pesticides is highly unsafe. These surveies conclude that about three million agricultural workers suffer unwellnesss such as malignant neoplastic disease from terrible poisoning due to pesticide exposure. Of this figure. 18. 000 dice every twelvemonth ( Drake ) . However. Mr. Rick Melnicoe. Director of the Western Integrated Pest Management Center and the UC Statewide Pesticide Coordinator claims. â€Å"it is the dosage that makes the toxicant and that there is virtually no unwellness associated with modern pesticide residue on nutrients. Illnesss that do occur are caused by abuse. exposure to concentrated degrees by workers. and basic stupidity† ( Safe Pesticides? ) . Overall. it is more or less of import ground why pesticides cause unwellness but instead that they do. and everyone should be cognizant of what is on or in their nutrient before they feed themselves or their loved 1s. We can merely be every bit healthy as the merchandises we put into our organic structures and our environment let us to be. Pesticides have been used by assorted husbandmans since 2. 500 B. C. . but these pesticides consisted of natural substances such as honey. salt. and S. In today’s universe. the most abundant types of pesticides are 1s dwelling of man-made chemicals. After World War II the agricultural effects of the chemical dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane ( DDT ) was discovered by Dr. Paul Muller. and was commercially produced worldwide. DDT seemed to be the perfect pesticide. it was easy to utilize. it seemed to hold low toxicity to mammals. and decreased insect-originated diseases. like xanthous febrility. malaria. and typhus. But a few old ages subsequently. insects and other plagues were found to develop a opposition to DDT. so it was deemed no longer as effectual. It was subsequently discovered that DDT was really toxic to the environment. caused malignant neoplastic disease and caused familial harm in animate beings. Rachel Carson. an American Marine Biologist. contended in her book Silent Spring that DDT entirely has irreversibly harmed animate beings and contaminated the world’s full nutrient supply. DDT is now much less abundant and is used chiefly to battle malaria. Many pesticides are still in usage to this twenty-four hours that have similar toxic effects of DDT and because of the of all time present chemical opposition in plagues more new pesticides are being developed. We are now in changeless demand of chemical development to combat natures version. To disrupt the balance of nature is to set many lives in harm’s manner. There is no argument that chemical pesticides harm the environment. The most unsafe types of pesticides are insect powders. antifungals. and weedkillers. These substances have contaminated H2O. poisoned and mutated wildlife. and disrupted natural growing forms in countries of contaminated dirt. Harmonizing to the Environmental Protection Agency. in 2001 4. 9 billion lbs of pesticide merchandises made up of 600 separate chemical compounds were used in the United States entirely ( Lah ) . Environmental wellness is straight linked to the sum of harmful toxins it is exposed to. so it would be in the best involvement of ourselves and of wildlife to cut down the overall usage of these unsafe chemical pesticides every bit much as possible. Genetically modified nutrients became present in the nutrient market in the 1960’s. but were non reintroduced commercially until the 1990’s. A figure of scientists have discovered and developed this engineering since the 1960’s and hold made GE present in anyplace from works seeds to livestock ( Arimi ) . Some GE nutrients have been proven in the yesteryear to be carcinogens. One of the largest chemical corporations in the universe called Monsanto has created a genetically modified-growth endocrine. Bovine. that is linked to a 2. 5 times greater incidence of colon. chest. and prostatic malignant neoplastic disease in worlds. 135 million estates. owned by big companies like Monsanto. are dedicated to turn GE harvests and raise farm animal in the United States ( Genetically Modified ) . Since the bulk of merchandises in our supermarkets are processed nutrient and the bulk of processed nutrient is unhealthy and comprised of these genetically modified being. one woul d so reasonably conclude that these merchandises do more injury than good in our society. Genetically engineered merchandises are the most abundant but least recognizable unreal substances present in our every twenty-four hours lives. Genetically Modified Organisms ( GMO ) are organisms that have an altered familial make-up either by cistron splice or endocrine injections to heighten a certain trait. For illustration. these unreal cistrons can do workss to let go of a certain chemical to end bugs and other natural marauders when being attacked. or do unnatural growing in the chests of poulets. Up to 75. 000 dairy cattles are treated with the bovine growing endocrine. and there are over 80 million estates of genetically engineered cultivated harvests ( Food Inc. ) . Seventy per centum of the nutrient in United States food market shops is made from GE merchandises. This nutrient largely consists of unhealthy obesity-causing merchandises like sodium carbonate and french friess. but they can besides be hidden in any type of nutrient. GE nutrient does non significantly smell. gustatory sensation. or look different. and are non specifically labeled. Therefore. the consumer has an deficient sum of informations to find the position of what they are devouring. There has late been a contention sing labeling nutrient that has been produced through GE. but no jurisprudence has yet come to go through that requires these labels. GM beings can besides harm the environment. In 2006 it was thought that GM harvests were to fault for the disappearing of 90 per centum of our honey bees which caused a concatenation reaction of ecological bad lucks. Honey bees are responsible for one tierce of America’s nutrient supply and many of our harvests were lost due to miss of pollenation. This in bend caused green goods to be less abundant the monetary value to skyrocket ( Disappearance of the Bees ) . This is merely one illustration of many catastrophes caused by manmade toxins. and the negative effects are going harder to disregard. The longer we wait to alter our harmful methods the more terrible the effects can go. It seems that bring forthing larger measures of nutrient at a fast rate would merely be good if we did non utilize GE and rough chemicals. Making the environment and the nutrient we eat toxic is the monetary value we have to pay for the convenience of our food market shops. Interrupting the balance of nature can be more damaging than many foresee. It is no secret that present twenty-four hours Americans are non the ideal image of wellness. Recent surveies have shown that 33 per centum of Americans are corpulent ( James ) . and 26 per centum have malignant neoplastic disease ( Alt. Cancer ) . While in the late 1800’s it was estimated that merely 10 per centum of Americans were corpulent and merely 9 per centum had malignant neoplastic disease. Both fleshiness and malignant neoplastic disease can be linked to the usage of pesticides and GE nutrients. In fact there have been direct links between these conditions and peculiar pesticides and GE merchandises. Many contend that the exclusive ground these diseases have dramatically increased since the late 19th century is the increased usage of pesticides and GE merchandises. With the figure of people who have fleshiness. malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes at an all clip high. many are seeking for reform in the manner we care for our organic structures. A figure of wellness experts claim that if we prioritize our well-being and alter our diets from eating extremely processed nutrient. to organic nutrient so we can work out this quandary. It is besides claimed that by merely altering our diet we can assist our environment every bit good as our wellness. The word â€Å"organic† is frequently seen. It is advertised in food market shops. and sometimes in films or in telecasting. but what does it intend to be organic? Is taking a measure towards an organic revolution the right measure to take in doing our state a healthier topographic point? The term â€Å"organic farming† was coined by an English agriculturalist named Lord Northbourne in 1940 in his agricultural book Look to the Land. Northbourne used this term to depict an all natural manner of farming opposed to one that integrated chemicals and other unreal substances. Most of his cognition about holistic agriculture was derived from analyzing old civilizations and carry oning his ain personal surveies. With the rise of the petro-chemical industries in the early 1900’s came the beginning of industrial pesticides. Up until so there was no term depicting the organic agriculture manner because no other farming manner existed. It seems that this â€Å"new revolution† isn’t so new. After all. we are fundamentally seeking to bring forth nutrient as our ascendants did before the 20th century ( Northbourne ) . Harmonizing to the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . for green goods to be certifiably organic it must follow these demands: free of sewerage sludge. man-made fertilisers. prohibited pesticides. and genetically modified beings. For farm animal to be organic they have to run into a certain wellness and public assistance criterion. be untreated by antibiotics or growing endocrines. be fed one hundred per centum organic provender and be provided entree to out-of-doorss. Food with the USDA Organic label is one 100 per centum organic and has been investigated by the USDA and warrants that the organic makings are met. Other nutrient merchandises labeled organic with out the USDA cast may or may non hold followed the antecedently listed demands. For illustration. husbandmans may label their nutrient organic that is non genuinely organic to derive concern or to sell their merchandises at a higher monetary value. Farmers may besides hold true organic merchandises but can non afford to pay the monetary value of acquiring investigated and certified by the USDA. Any merchandise that does non incorporate an official organic seal requires farther research if one is to be confident in the true quality ( Organic Standards ) . By exchanging to organic methods of farming we can assist our environment and even change by reversal the negative effects of chemical abuse. The loss of dirt birthrate and H2O taint is common amongst harvests that are treated with chemical fertilisers. but by utilizing organic techniques it eliminates these jobs. Soil birthrate and biodiversity are incorporated in organic agriculture methods. every bit good as healthy micro-organism preservation and energy efficiency. Besides. the sum of harmful chemicals being dumped in the environment is juristically decreased when big graduated table harvests are switched to organic because organic harvests don’t use these chemicals. It was estimated that 1000000s of gallons of pesticides were non released into the environment due to one purchase of an organic merchandise from the Wal-Mart Corporation. By extinguishing these unsafe chemicals we eliminate terrible unwellnesss caused by them. There are ever possibilities of nutrient borne il lnesses irrespective the method of bring forthing nutrient. but the unwellnesss present in organic nutrient are far less terrible than 1s obtained by non-organic nutrient ( â€Å"Do I Help†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ) . In footings of practicality processed nutrient is typically less expensive than organic nutrient. Processed nutrient is much cheaper due to the sheer mass of it being produced by big corporations. The affordability of processed nutrient makes it easier for low-income households to last. Though invariably devouring this type of nutrient can take to medical jobs. many people don’t have the pick to purchase healthier organic nutrient. Organic nutrient costs from 30 to ninety per centum more than processed nutrient. Surveies have shown that as more people support organic merchandises the cheaper they will acquire. but for now it is processed nutrient that keeps low-income people fed. but keeps them starved of proper foods. So how is the authorities assisting to work out the quandary of the United States’ environmental and personal wellness crisis? Well. there have really been many betterments in nutrient and environmental safety in the last 30 old ages that have had an highly good consequence to our wellness. For illustration. an environmental jurisprudence was passed in 1990 merely in the province of Washington that put a bound on the sum of agricultural chemicals to be used. on norm a husbandman had to cut down pesticide usage by 20 per centum ( State Law ) . This stopped dozenss of extra toxins from come ining the environment. More on the personal wellness note. a jurisprudence was passed in July 2003 that required fast nutrient eating houses. like McDonalds and Taco Bell. to decently label the content nowadays in their nutrient so costumiers can be more cognizant of what they are devouring ( Mello ) . Though these are great betterments. they are comparatively little. and there is still much more to be done. When it comes to developing Torahs that are good to public safety that consequence big corporations that have political ties. it becomes hard. For illustration. in 2001 two-year-old Kevin Kowalcyk died after developing hemolytic-uremic syndrome from eating a beefburger contaminated with E. coli. After this incident a jurisprudence was introduced that would Necessitate the USDA to merely develop public presentation criterions to cut down the presence of pathogens in meat. A simple solution was created to forestall a similar calamity. The meat company was non found apt. and the jurisprudence neer passed ( Food Inc. ) . Many speculate that it was due to the fiscal ties between the meat company and the USDA. but no 1 could state for certain. Unfortunately there have been other incidences similar this. where dangers are evident. but simple solutions fail to be put in action. Equally long as corporations have these political ties they have power over our wellness and safety. It is good to look into the nutrient we consume in order to guarantee our safety and good being. We can’t ever depend on our authorities to protect us from harmful nutrient merchandises because the very corporations bring forthing these nutrients are involved and have power within many political affairs. The best manner to stay safe is to do your wellness a precedence and to research the nutrient that you are devouring. The nutrient we buy affects more than what is on our dinner tabular array. Buying merchandises at the food market shop is like voting. and by buying safer merchandises we can back up the wellness of our households every bit good as the environment. Regardless if you are pro-practicality. or pro-organic it would be good to look into the nutrient we consume in order to guarantee our safety and good being. Plants Cited â€Å"Alternative Cancer Treatment | Cancer Cure | Cancer Remedies. † Do GMO Foods Cause Cancer? The Cancer Industry. 30 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Arimi. Joshua. â€Å"Genetic Engineering of Food: The History. Science. Economicss and Controversy. † Genetic Engineering in Food- The History. Science andEconomicss. Arimi Foods. 23 Sept. 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Barling. Mannie. and Ashley F. Brooks. â€Å"Statistics on Food-borne Related Illnesses and Death Caused by Salmonella. E. Coli. Listeria. Toxoplasma. Campylobacter Bacteria. Calicivirus. or Norwalk-like Virus Emanating from Factory Farms ( CAFOs ) . Genetically Modified Foods from Monsanto and the Poor Processing of Food in America | . † Statistics on Food-bourne Illnesses. RN. 21 May 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Carson. Rachel. and Lois Darling. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1962. Print. â€Å"Do I Help Conserve the Environment by Eating Organic Food? † Natural A ; Organic Health: Food Be nefits. Directory. Nutritional Value. Rural Tech Services. Jan. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Drake. Susan S. â€Å"Green Labor Journal – Working for a Sustainable Future. † Green Labor Journal. Union Plus. Feb. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. Food Inc. Dir. Rob Kenner. Magnolia Pictures. Participant Media. River Road Entertainment. 2008. Film. â€Å"Genetically Modified Foods ( Biotech Foods ) Pros and Cons. † WebMD. WebMD. 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. James. Brian. â€Å"Obese Chart. † The Consumer. 18 Apr. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Lah. Katrina. â€Å"Pesticide Use Statistics. † Pesticide Use Statistics. 26 Apr. 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. Mello. Michelle M. . Eric B. Rimm. and David M. Studdert. â€Å"The McLawsuit. † Health Affairs. Nov. 2003. Web. 15 May 2012. McCabe. John. and David Wolfe. Sunfood Life: Resource Guide for Global Health. Berkeley. CA: North Atlantic. 2007. Print. Northbourne. Walter J. Look to the Land. . London: Dent. 1940. Print.  "Organic Standards. † Ams. Department of Agriculture. gov. Department of agriculture: National Organic Program. 7 Feb. 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. â€Å"Safe Pesticides? † Environmental News. Articles A ; Information. EcoWorld. June 2004. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. â€Å"State Law Limiting Pesticide Use. † The Tribune [ Deer Park. Washington ] 29 Aug. 1990: 5-6. Google News. Web. 15 May 2012. Disappearing of the Bees. Dir. George Langworthy. Maryam Henein. Hive Mentality Films. 2009. Film.

Vision and Hearing free essay sample

Proprioception is like a third sensory modality that supplies feedback to the solely on the status of the body internally, the first two senses being interoceptive and exteroceptive. The proprioceptive ability that one possesses is the sense that specifies whether the body is moving at the required effort , as well as other body parts are positioned in relation to each other. The ability to estimate weight of an object, the force and time at which our muscles must be contracted are examples of our proprioceptive ability. Examples of proprioceptors are muscle spindles also called stretch receptors and their associated 1a axons. These receptors make up the somatic sensory system that is focus on body sense or proprioception. The muscle spindle consists of several types of speacialized skeletal muscle fibers that are contained within a fibrous capsule. In the middle region of this fibrous capsule group 1a axons are wrapped around the muscle fibre on the spindle. We will write a custom essay sample on Vision and Hearing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Group 1a axons are the fastest and largest of the group 1 axons, which are also the thickest myelinated axons in the body. When a weight is placed on a muscle , the muscle lengthen and the muscle spindles are stretched. The stretching causes of the spindle causes depolarization of the 1a axons endings, this is caused by mechanosensitve ion channels. The 1a axons enter the enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root, from here they branch repeatedly and then form synapsese on both interneurons and alpha motor neurons of the ventral horns. The alpha motor neurons react by increasing its action potential frequency, this then causes the muscle to contract. The muscle spindle also contains intrafusal fibers and receive their motor innervation by a different type of lower motor neuron called Gamma motor neurons. When the extrafusal muscle contracts it becomes shorter, the intrafusal fiber also becomes shorter, this means that the 1 axons become silent and would no longer provide information about muscle length. However this is where the gamma motor neurons become activated at innervate the intrafusal muscle fibre at either end of the spindle. This causes contraction of the muscle spindle, therefore pulling on the noncontractile equatorial region and keep the 1a axons active. Another source of proprioceptive input in the skeletal muscle is the golgi tendon organ, which monitors muscle tension or force of contraction. The golgi tendon organs are situated in series with the muscle fiber and spindle and is located at the junction of the muscle. A special feature about this source is that it is innervated by 1b sensory axons, which are a little bit smaller than 1a axons. The different anatomical arrangements between the muscle fiber and the golgi tendon organ is what distinguishes the type of information it provides. The 1a axons from the muscle spindle offers muscle length information, the golgi tendon organ give muscle tension. The 1b axons enter the spinal cord, where they branch repeatedly and then synapse on interneurons in the ventral horn. Some of these interneurons connect with the alpha motor neurons which are inhibitory. This is usually called reverse myotatic reflex. There are certain factors that can influence our perception and sensation, this includes, alcohol, drugs and nerve damage. These factors can disrupt the proprioceptive ability by decreasing the feedback quality.

John Gresham Machen

John Gresham Machen Introduction He is a legendary American theologian and fundamentalist leader. During the last days of his life, his health deteriorated and painfully struggled against the health battle. In December 1936, his cohorts warned him against taking a trip to North Dakota because there was frigid temperature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John Gresham Machen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He was much determined to encourage the faithful members of the movement, which he had founded and was under immense criticisms. He had many sleepless nights worrying about the future of that movement after the defection of a great portion of membership (Stonehouse 75). His desire to stay on course compelled him to take a risk of defying the effects by foul weather to his ill-health. He ignored every deterrent to his travelling that his cohorts posed yet they were trying to protect him against the worst health conditions. He also deman ded that they proceed to Carson and Leith where he intended to meet with the members of his association, but it was noted that his health condition had started to grow worse. Surprisingly, he did not halt the journey complaining of his health rather he kept them awake with humorous stories on their way. Unfortunately, his cold rapidly became pleurisy, and the team was implored to halt their journey. They turned back seeking for medical help and, despite his illustrious agony, he said that he would not die because of much work that lied ahead of him. His agony increased compelling them to call a doctor, but he still had the strength to maintain a conversational engagement with them (Stonehouse 78). He was diagnosed for pleurisy, but his health condition seemed to grow wearier with time. They took him for further medical attention in a Roman Catholic hospital where he was admitted. Doctors changed their diagnosis from pleurisy to pneumonia, and despite the struggle he was going throug h his mind was stuck to his mission. He sent some telegraph messages to members of his association in Philadelphia and energy believed could have saved him if he committed it to the fight against illness. Early morning on January 1, 1937, he experienced some periods of lucidity and unconsciousness. At a certain interval of consciousness, he wrote a telegram with the help of a colleague that proved to his colleagues to have been his last word to the faithful. The telegram read: â€Å"I am so thankful for the active obedience of Christ. No hope without it† (Hart, ‘Doctor Fundamentalis† 64). Immediately after the telegraph was written his body became so weak that it could not withstand the rigors that had been experiencing (Hart, â€Å"Doctor Fundamentalis† 65). He remained in that poor condition for the whole day and at around 7:30 p.m. his soul departed for eternal rest.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Early life John Gresham Machen was born on July 28, 1881 to Arthur Machen and Mary Jones. He was the second born among three sons and his parents were staying in Baltimore, Maryland by the time of his birth. His was then aged forty five and mother was aged thirty four. Stonehouse posits â€Å"Arthur was born in Virginia, trained in Harvard as a lawyer and his interests were deeply rooted in classical traditions of ancient south† (134). He was good in literature and loved reading and learning new skills. For instance, he read works of Thucydides, Caesar, Greek New Testament, French literature, English literature, and Horace. In addition, he had written some detective and short stories some which won prizes and put him through Harvard law school. Astonishingly, he learnt Italian at eighties claiming to do it for the sake of fun. Gresham’s mother Mary Jones was born in Georgia. She was twenty one years young er than Arthur Machen by the time the two got married. She schooled at Wesleyan College where he gained the experience as an author after issuing The Bible in Browning in 1903. Moreover, while the husband was an, â€Å"Episcopalian, she opted to be a Presbyterian, and she taught her son shorter version and Westminster Catechism at his tender age â€Å" (hart, â€Å"Doctor Fundamentalis† 66). Gresham appreciated his close relatives but spent most of his early days with the mother. This explains the source of his passionate religious influence to the extent of forming religious movements (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 67). The Machen’s kin exhibited a sturdy association with the southern classicism, as well as, Victorianism. His parents were sturdily cultured, affluent and pious Christian faithful. They attended Franklin Street Presbyterian Church in their hometown, Baltimore. The church formed a part of the congregation of southern Presbyterian Church that was aligned with the Old School Presbyterianism of rather conservatism. His mother played a prominent role in Gresham’s acquaintance of Christian knowledge through religious training at home (Calhoun 87). Despite him going for catechism classes at Westminster, his mother obliged him to commit to memory all the teachings as well as the Kings of Israel. That formed a strong foundation of his biblical and theological knowledge. At the age of fourteen years, Gresham decided to be a follower of Christ and he started attending for church services in Franklin Street Church. Also, he developed a love for reformed faith across denominations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John Gresham Machen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Education Life As a young boy, Gresham was privileged to attend private school. Private schools were assumed to be for the rich although his parents were financially stable. He was a bright stude nt and his good performance in high school level enabled him to secure an opportunity at Johns Hopkins University in 1898. The university was in his neighborhood and was well known for scholarships. He did entrance examination whose results proved him deserving of a scholarship that was awarded to him (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 69). Basil Gildersleeve who was his professor, a leading scholar in United States and a member of Franklin Street Church, mentored him. He learned Latin, rhetoric and English literature and Greek while in the university. Basil Gildersleeve always emphasized on the need for interpretation and translation of texts to other languages making Gresham’s knowledge of other languages beneficial (Stonehouse 87). His minister Harris E. Kirk had suggested to him that he joins the ministry because he was a devout Christian, but he refused. His refusal was initially seen to have been because of his excellent graduate studies and desire to pursue furt her studies. Notwithstanding his negative response, Gresham signed up at the Princeton theological seminary and pursued his studies in an indiscriminate manner. Gresham did not undertake subjects that focused on homiletics and Old Testament during his first year. He termed the subjects as iniquity invention. He loved dealing with the New Testament and worked closely with B.B. Warfield, who just like him, believed that consistency is the easiest to defend thus becoming a conservative Christian faithful (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 76). He took courses in Princeton University for master’s degree though he involved himself with social activities of the seminary. He used to dine at Benham Club because people from there knew him for his stunts. His fellow students and social colleagues had known him for liveliness, good humor, and a fanatic of Princeton’s football team thereby attending football games most of which were campus games. Gresham later went to Marbu rg to pursue graduate studies after declining an offer to lecture at Princeton Seminary. He studied under Wilhelm Herrmann who bewildered him by his theological liberalism. He felt much liberalism to Christianity in the mind of his professor, William Herrmann, making him grow defensive against the faith he had been used. This made him appreciate Princeton Seminary and the professors who had taught him. He was offered one year opportunity to offer tutorials at Princeton Seminary and agreed to take it (Calhoun 87).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Life as an Instructor at Princeton Hart posits, â€Å"In 1906, Gresham returned to Alexander Hall and continued to take his meals in Benham Club†¦students seemed not to like his elective course and complained to his mother over the issue† (Defending the Faith 85). With time, he became the best teacher in faculty, and as a result his dropped his dream to pursue PhD degree in Germany. He was strict in grading and teaching with a goal to help students acquire the right knowledge and skills (Hart, â€Å"Defending the Faith† 89). In 1909, some students submitted their grievances to the board of directors claiming that they needed a modernized curriculum. A strong rebellion attracted the newspapers coverage when the administration refused to change the curriculum in favor of the students. Gresham sided with the administration since he believed that conservative Christianity is the best defense against religious rebellion (Calhoun 87). His support for the administration proved his maturity to the administration since he had recently gone through the same curriculum that students protested against. He later wrote three articles: â€Å"The Hymns of the First Chapter of Luke†, â€Å"The Origin of First Two Chapters of Luke†, and, â€Å"The Virgin Birth in the Second Century†. They were published in 1912 by the seminary as Princeton Theological Review. Calhoun alleges, â€Å"He also helped in developing articles â€Å"Jesus and Paul† up to the volume that seminary published in the celebration of its centennial† (75). He later published several articles in most of which he used critical arguments and utilized critical arguments (Calhoun 76). Life as a Minister and Professor On November 3, 1913, at age thirty two, Gresham was put under the care of southern Presbyterian in Baltimore and was licensed on April 22, 1914. He was not comfortable staying under southern presbytery and that rendered him to getting ordained by N orthern Presbyterian church on June 23, 1914 in New Brunswick. Faculty of seminary appointed him as an assistant Professor of New Testament, a month prior to his ordination. Additionally, he went ahead and compiled a book that accounted for the beginning of Apostle Paul’s creed. The book was made public in 1921. In the book, he responded to intellectuals who had held that Apostle Paul altered the teachings of Jesus by alleging that his restoration was the beginning of faith. Hart claims, â€Å"The book was received well by conservative Presbyterians and had many reviews in the newspapers and magazines, across the country† (Defending the Faith 76). Calhoun, David. Princeton Seminary:The Majestic Testimony, 1869-1929. New York: Banner of Truth, 1996. Print. Hart, Darryl. Doctor Fundamentalis. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, 1988. Print. . Defending the Faith: J. Gresham Machen and the Crisis of Conservative Protestantism in Modern America. New York: Barker Publ ishing, 1994. Print. Stonehouse, Ned. Gresham Machen: A Biographical Memoir. Philadelphia: Westminster Theological Seminary, 1978. Print.

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Motivations of Managers in Small- and Large Firms Essay

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