Championship Manager Essay

Paul and Mark started work on Championship Manager 97/98 in early 1997. One of the greatest quotes ever came from this â€Å"Oh – this’ll be easy – it’ll only take a couple of weeks†, said Paul, the eternal optimist. It took a solid ten months to get it together and released – and that was just the English language version. The Championship Manager 2 engine was brought to its outer limits as nine leagues were combined with the possibility of running three simultaneously – almost every part of the game needed to be modified and many improvements were made. A database of some 20000 players and 2500 teams was put together with researchers helping out from all corners of the globe. This final version of Championship Manager 2, released 31st October 1997 at an update price, went straight to number one of the all formats chart and remained in the top 20 for many many months. In the meantime, Oliver, who had taken a well earned rest after 18 months solid work on Championship Manager 2, started to conceive the first ideas for Championship Manager 3. The game would once again be totally re-written. In March 1997, Oliver and new staff member Marc Vaughan launched themselves into the Championship Manager 3 project. After a lengthy three months of interviewing, the right people were found to work on Championship Manager 3. With the team assembled, work on Championship Manager 3 steamed ahead and all involved worked hard to make it into a great game. The game was (finally) released on March 26th 1999 and made history as it was the fastest selling PC Game in the UK of all time shifting over 55,000 units in its first. Championship Manager 3 continued to sell well staying at the top spot of the all formats for 3 weeks and has been top of the PC charts for 11 weeks in total since release. Three foreign language versions of Championship Manager 3 were released in May 1999. The languages included were Italian, French and Portuguese and has proved popular in all these countries as well as all the other countries where it has been distributed.

American Flamingo

The Blue Eyed American Flamingo Who ever thought there could be so much emotion and so many qualities in a flamingo? After reading this poem author Pape expresses his feelings and the beauty in a flamingo by using analogies describing the features and the distinct details to such a simple bird. The first sentence in this poem is one of the most important. The first sentence says â€Å"I know he shot them to know them. † (line 1) This may seem like a very simple statement, but Greg Pape makes it very bold and is able to express himself off this sentence, by saying he now knows and understands why Audubon had the passion he did for flamingos.In Greg Pape’s poem â€Å"American Flamingo† he captures John James Audubon’s passionate view of the American flamingo. John James Audubon was an American ornithologist, outstanding artist and author of â€Å"Birds of America† (560). In the long history of writing, poetry has held a very special meaning for a huma n and to allow them to express all of their emotions. The poem â€Å"American Flamingo† combines the mysterious symbols of nature with the inexact emotional language. â€Å"American Flamingo† takes looking at the painting to another level. It was difficult to portray the many emotions Pape was trying to depict throughout the poem.He comes off to be exceptionally stress-free and at ease with life and what he has experienced. â€Å"However; his metaphoric character allows readers of all ages to be able to find a connection with his poetry† (Fitzpatrick). Awesomely, Pape ties several of nature’s incredible elements into his poetry and writing such as; interactions between amazing creatures and their rare or beautiful habitats. On the other hand, He recognizes the high regard he holds for using language in physical representation of objects, animals, people, and places from memories rather than offering abstractions attached to emotion.Pape was a man of very few words he powerfully described life’s minor events and unforgettable memories with metaphorical phrases and simile’s throughout the poem â€Å"American Flamingo† such as â€Å"the jockeys perched like bright beetle on the back of horses pounding down the stretch† (26-29) and â€Å"as they settled down again like a rose-colored fog on the pond† (41-42) Nature and the overlooked side of earth are given notice as Pape creates outstanding pictures with his astonishing words about the images he discovers in this beautiful, enormous world that we live in.Right similar to piece of majestic artwork, â€Å"Pape allows the reader to take a step back and enjoy all of the images that we sometimes take for granted or do not even notice† (Fitzpatrick). Many people just see a flamingo as a beautiful, intriguing, large, rose-pink colored bird that is always standing on one leg. Other than taking it to the next level and looking more in depth at the bird, like John James Audubon does in his painting and Greg Pape does in his poem. Audubon and Pape express the marvelous details to what makes this bird so magnificent.In the poem Pape gives many descriptions of the flamingo and its beauty such as â€Å"I did not know the eyes of the flamingo are blue, a deep live blue. †(2-3) And â€Å"beneath the over-draping feathered monument of the body, between the long flexible neck and the long bony legs covered with pink plates of flesh. † (18-21). Too many people these qualities are not some of the first things noticed when one takes a glance at the overly large bird. Pape and Audubon take describing a flamingo to the extreme.Even if one has never seen a flamingo in real life after reading Pape’s poem an exact image of the magnificent flamingo will be created. As the poem draws to an end Pape states â€Å"the loud flat metallic voice of the announcer fading as the flamingos, grazing the pond water at the far end of the in field, rose in a feathery blush only a few feet off the ground, and flew one long clipped-winged ritual lap in the heavy Miami light, a great swirl of grace from the old world that made tickets fall from hands, stilled horses , and drew toasts from the stands as they settled down again like a rose-colored fog on the pond (30-40). â€Å"American Flamingo† displays a range of bright pieces, often startling many with their generous spirit and frequently linking colorful memories of the past with present moments of indirect understanding or even slightly higher instances of enlightenment. â€Å"Each piece of Pape’s poetry increases readers’ awareness of relationships between nature and humans or between us and others, especially those close to us. As well, readers attain an acute appreciation for the impact of the past and on the present, or the way fragments of stored memories may influence our everyday lives. (Edward) After reading the poem â€Å"American Flamin go† I now have a new found knowledge on flamingos. Pape’s words created a picture perfect image in my head. He sets a tranquil mood with his vivid descriptions of flamingos. My prior knowledge of flamingos was very minimal, but due to Pape’s vivid words and amazing word description, I now know every specific detail about the deep live blue eyed flamingo. Works Cited Byrne, Edward. â€Å"American Flamingo. Souther Illinois Universty Press, 21 Mar 2007. Web. Web. 13 Sep. 2012. . Fitzpatrick, Kelly. Good reads. N. p. , 13 Mar 2011. Web. Web. 16 Sep. 2012. . Pape, Greg â€Å"American Flamingo† Literature for Composition. Eds, Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain 9th ed. Boston: Longman, 2011. 560-61. Print.

Vulnerable Population in the Workplace Project Essay - 1

Vulnerable Population in the Workplace Project - Essay Example 2009). The disadvantages are driven by the social conditions, which a person works, live, play, and learn. This paper provides an overview of the health disparity in work place among the elderly. In the United States, health care disparity manifests itself in a number of ways both major and multiple. In one side, the health disparity is evident articles, which address life expectancy; the shortest and the longest living. On the second side, is the economic burden, in which a joint research by the Joint Centre for Political and Economic Studies, observed that cost of health care provision contributes to premature death. The aforementioned disparities lean on social and economic factors; where one lives, work, grow, and age. Primarily, social determinants such as access to care, poverty, and low socioeconomic status influence health provision in the society (RCEZEC 2009). It is arguable that the disparities in health provision influence health outcome. The health care disparity influen ces the lives of the underprivileged in the society more than the other groups. Health documents categorize the following groups under the underprivileged the disabled, the elderly, low income among others. The society seems to be judging the aforementioned categories before providing them with this vital service. Some critics have observed that the elderly in home health care have been subject to disparity. In a bid to establish the barriers to health care disparity, a study in a home health care for the elderly was paramount. The documentations about barriers to health care have indicated the following. The main barrier that hampers provision of health care among the elderly is the language barrier. Communication is essential tool in discharging healthcare services because of a number of reasons. Firstly, communication enables the healthcare practitioners to establish the right medication for the patients (HHS, 2010). Secondly, communications enables effective services to the pati ents. The second barrier documented to health care provision is the low income. Elderly, persons living in homes for the elderly have to meet the bills for the services they acquire in these facilities. In addition, meeting the expenses would depend on the income level of the individual. Coincidentally, many old people from the low-income families do not demonstrate the ability to meet their own bills because of limited savings. The above barriers have influenced provision of health care in the elderly home. The historic disparities, socially or economically has shaped the elderly that the project has targeted. Most Hispanic elderly, speakers have limited knowledge in English language. This has been a challenge in promoting health care provision in homes that host this group. The language problem has historical root, emanating from the cultural preferences, poverty, and political inclinations that shaped the lives of people in the past. Presently, attending to their social challenge s involves, understanding their culture, social status and bridging between modernity and the ancient tradition. Action Plan to Combat the Barriers Since language barrier influence the provision of health care among the elderly in the elderly homes, this project has established that it can work with bilingual nurses or healthcare professionals. This plan intends to give attention to health disparity cases of elderly persons that fail to communicate their problems effectively to the medical practitioners. The Hispanic

School Uniforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

School Uniforms - Essay Example If uniforms are not made mandatory, rich students would look down to the poorer students as it gives a chance to them to show-off their wealth. Therefore introduction of uniforms will help to deal with this problem. Therefore there will be no economic differences among the students in the schools. Uniforms will also decrease the violence among students in the students. When students wear the same type of dress the probability of group formation or gang behaviour would be minimum. Uniforms would make schools a safer place for students especially the underprivileged one. Schools uniforms can save much of the time of students because they don't have to waste time in choosing which clothes to wear. Choosing of clothes seems to be a small thing but this really is a big task and consumes actually a hell lot of time. Not only this, we should also consider the time which they spend in malls in order to find the perfect dress. And if the school goers are able to save this time they can concentrate on more important thing like completing their homework or having breakfast. Having uniforms in school would stop the discrimination and teasing on clothing but there are many things to discriminate or tease rather than only clothing like personality, race, colour to name a few. Richer students can tease or look down on the poorer students by having a costly watch or an expensive bag. ... Richer students can tease or look down on the poorer students by having a costly watch or an expensive bag. And therefore uniforms cannot prevent the discrimination or the economic differences. It is only the education which the students get from their parents and teachers which will help them to avoid discrimination on the basis of sex, creed, religion, race or colour. Many feel that making uniforms mandatory would end symbols of being in a gang. But they should understand that there are many ways through which students can show that they belong to a particular gang like rolling up your sleeves or having a band on the hands. Therefore uniforms cannot to a large extent avoid gang behaviour. If uniforms are not made compulsory students can begin to develop their own personal style and they can be more mature. Students will be given the opportunity to decide what they have to wear and therefore this will inculcate the habit of decision-making among the students. Making uniforms compulsory actually violates a student's right of self-expression. The personality of a person (to some extent) is reflected by the clothes he wears so if the students are allowed to choose the clothes which they have to wear they will have an opportunity to express themselves. CONCLUSION Though there are umpteen numbers of arguments both in favour of as well as against making school uniforms mandatory but I personally feel that making school uniforms compulsory would be more effective and efficient in promoting uniformity and equality, in avoiding violence and gang behaviour, in avoiding discrimination on the basis of sex, creed, religion, colour etc and

Ethanol production in Brazil may drive deforestation in Amazon Term Paper - 1

Ethanol production in Brazil may drive deforestation in Amazon - Term Paper Example Our extreme weather temperatures (heat waves and extreme cold temperatures), super typhoons, droughts, floods, and similar occurrences have all been traced back by scientists and other experts to global warming. Due to these concerns, efforts to cut back on fuel or oil use have also been conceptualized and strong support for the use of alternative sources of fuel has been suggested. One of these methods is the use of ethanol from sugarcane as an alternative fuel source. Ethanol can be blended with or used directly as fuel and its properties create less pollution and environmental damage. Ethanol is already being utilized in different countries, including Brazil, Scandinavia, United States, Germany, Japan, and New Zealand, among others and many car manufacturers have made the necessary adjustments and accommodations in their cars in order to ensure that they would run well on ethanol fuel (Peyton and Nalco, p. 298). The use of ethanol is however, not without its problems. Brazilâ€⠄¢s ethanol is mostly made from sugarcane and some environmentalists have pointed out that the growing demand for the fuel may push sugarcane growers into the Amazon. Hence, the global demand for ethanol may threaten the Amazon rain forest in Brazil, causing large scale deforestation of the area. This paper shall now discuss the negative impacts of the ethanol production in Brazil’s Amazon rainforest. It shall also conceptualize possible solutions in order to alleviate these problems. Surveys reveal that from the years 1960 to 2007, the land area in Brazil planted with sugarcane increased from 1.4 million to 7 million hectares. With this increase in land cover for sugarcane plantations, the production of sugarcane also increased from 45 to 75 Mg/ha. Such an increase in productivity was caused by improved agricultural techniques and improved breeding programs (Martinelli and Filoso, p. 886). In recent years, the increase in

1.For any theory of law, justice or rights to be worthy of our Essay

1.For any theory of law, justice or rights to be worthy of our support, it must involve a necessary connection with morality. To what extent, if at all, do you agree with this view - Essay Example But before this issue can be explored, many other aspects come into play so that the main question can be fully understood. Firstly, what is a connection between law and morality? What is this moral basis which we speak of? Ultimately I will argue that the contention that our acceptance of laws is based on its necessary connection with morality presupposes the existence of universal moral standards. I argue that this is not possible; that there does not and cannot exist a universal, or even societal moral basis, for ultimately the topic is subjective. By dismantling the conception that there exist these morals as a basis for our acceptance of law, I will then proceed to provide examples, and thus explain why we accept laws. The topic is rich in content, and brings into play many contentions and side analyses, and it goes without saying that this will be a brief, albeit suitable expression of the argument. However, the main basis of my argument will be to show that when a connection b etween law and morality is found – and I do not consider this impossible – it allows arbitrary decisions to be made, based on the subjective outlook of he who is applying the law. What is a moral connection between law and morality? Let us observe it in play in the courtroom, through the dicta of judge Ormrod in the case of Corbett v Corbett.1 His statement that the criteria for determining the sex of a spouse to be â€Å"the biological sexual constitution† and the â€Å"essential role† of a woman in a marriage2 is commonly accepted to be fraught with personal moral considerations.3 In such cases, some argue that a connection between law and morality is proven, where the legislation involved in the case was vague and did not define the criteria under which the sex of a spouse should be determined. So, a moral connection between law and morality in the courtroom is an interpretation of the law in accordance with what the judge considers to be

Companies with Similar Gross Profit Figures and Different Net Assignment - 4

Companies with Similar Gross Profit Figures and Different Net Operating Income - Assignment Example There are four levels of profit and profit margins- gross profit, operating profit, pre-tax profit, and net profit. The term â€Å"margin† can apply to the absolute number for a given profit level and/or the number as a percentage of net sales/revenue. Profit margin analysis uses the percentage calculation to provide a comprehensive measure of a company’s profitability on a historical basis (3-5 years) and in comparison to peer companies and industry benchmarks. Another online resource tells how to calculate operating margin. According to the Allstarsstock online, Key measurement of the financial strength, by Walden, G â€Å"Operating income / total revenue= operating margin.† Hence, from the above references, we can easily abstract the impact of operating margin on the overall operating income of the company. Therefore, two companies having the same gross profit can also have different operating income. Thinking of personal skill as the products and selling them in the market is just like selling your company’s products in the market or sometimes you can purse for new market opportunities. According to the book by Chaudhry, A. The Craft of selling yourself. 2009, â€Å"Job hunting is similar to selling anything. It’s selling of one’s skills, ideas, time, talent, energies, and expertise. It’s like being available for value addition as any other product does; and in return, you get paid in cash and kind.†Ã‚  Therefore, in order to hunt new market opportunities, we have to enhance our skills as well look for the new opportunities created in the market. All we need to take crucial steps towards our career path planning. It is very vital to achieving a certain level in society, which is considered as or you can say most suitable for us while considering our overall qualifications and skills we are having. In order to achieve the target market in terms of new market opportunities in regards to career planning, we should take a look at the latest happenings and current market situation. Therefore, according to the author of the book, managing your Career. 2010,† each one of us has the ability to control the path that our careers take. It requires that we truly self-aware so that we can identify what our own interests and passions are – what will truly make us happy in our career.†Ã‚   I do agree with the statement mentioned above, other than people like Warren Buffet and Bill Gates. According to the colloquium on tax policy and public break issued by New York University School of Law, Tax deductions for charitable contributions: domestic activities, foreign activities, or none of above, 2011, â€Å"Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, and a bevy of other billionaires have pledged to give half of their wealth for charitable purposes.† This statement shows that the topmost billionaires in the United States are giving more than half of their overall wealth for charitable purpo ses. Nevertheless, in most cases, the above statement is quite right.

Product and Place Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product and Place - Term Paper Example The products of our business are designed to take advantage of the bargaining power of customers. Many buyers feel that they should bargain in the market. Inclusion of wraps in the product menu is an objective of our business that aims at creating bargaining environment for the consumers. Our business intends to provide varied products for the consumers in order to create threat to substitute products in the market. Another product objective of our business is to create an avenue for potential entrant into the market. Products such as wraps would create a great potentiality for the business to enter into the market. Our business has identified the needs of various customers; this would have provided vital information in designing the product objectives. Our business products aim at providing variety of choices to the consumers. Our products will serve consumers who are jogging or walking along the streets. Our business presents five categories of products, which the customers can cho ose. The products would benefit the customers because our business intends to offer high quality products. For example, a customer who orders for the stir-fry may decide to take rice with veggies or noodles with sauces. On the other hand, a customer may be willing to buy grilled chicken with Sundried tomato, spinach and regular tortilla wraps. Our product menu has healthy products that it intends to roll to the market. The product features aim at meeting varied demands of the market. Another feature for the products is their ability to be carried away by the customers. Some customers prefer take away, our business has developed products to suit these demands. Provision of products that suit the demands of the customers would help in marketing the business. The approach of our business into the market is to create an opportunity that would lead to high market share. Customer needs is a factor that contributes to the product strategy and objectives of the business. Penetrating market strategy aims at utilizing the business products to attract and retain customers. For our business to penetrate the market, it has to come up with a packaging system that would lure customers. Our business intends to adopt a packaging system that would make the products of the business stand out in the market. The package should break the convection in the market. Our business would develop unique shape for its products in order to draw the attention of the customers. Elegant packets lure the attention of many buyers. Products like fruit salad require unique packaging that would lure the interest of the customers. Another packaging factor that the business wishes to address is the feel good factor. The attractiveness of the package indicates an offer of the same quality. The need to offer quality package would make the business penetrate the market. Our business wishes to use the above choices to achieve it positioning objective. Strategic packaging, product objective and services o ffered by the business aim at winning greater market share. The success of the above factors would lead to the success of our business. Place is another important factor in the marketing mix. Delivering of business products to the customers at the right time has an influence on the success and market share of our business (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel 47). The distribution channel that the business

HEALTH SOCIILOGY Class & Illnessrelated behaviour Essay

HEALTH SOCIILOGY Class & Illnessrelated behaviour - Essay Example Thus, manual working class groups are seen as a more probable victim of this habit rather than the management or professional classes. The first and foremost social factor that affects the habitual addiction to smoking is the environment surrounding the individual. The living conditions of these workers are poor and dire. Many live in stressful lives in squalid and overcrowded homes. The best escape from all of this frustration is smoking which provides a stimulus to forget other problems. Also, in an atmosphere where each individual seeks to pass time using smoking, it is difficult for an individual to escape the vicious pattern unharmed. Another aspect attached the poor living conditions are how the families live in such close quarters that the children are affected by the adults. For the child to see a older individual smoking is the sort of parental and adult model that is set out for them. As they continue with life, the environment around them forces them into a state of peer pressure that instills smoking as a habit (Pedersen and Lavik). Another factor affecting smoking is the varying degree of education given to the different classes in a society. While the upper classes get the knowledge useful in their choices, the lower ones lack this kind of proper education (Layte and Whelan).

Cooperative learning groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cooperative learning groups - Essay Example The researcher states that scholars, educators, and school officials have become more and more interested in students’ performance in mathematics. Several studies have reported that, starting from middle school, girls are prone to develop more unconstructive attitudes towards math and score low on standardized exams. Moreover, a significant relationship has been found between performance and attitudes. Certain factors that are associated with performance of students in math comprise learning experiences, sense of belongingness, racial or ethnic affiliation, gender, self-worth, stereotyping and attitudes. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics claimed that instruction, competent educators, high expectations and equity should be awarded to every learner. By doing so, performance of students in math has a better chance to progress. The topics crucial for every student are usually included in Geometry, Algebra I and Algebra II subjects. However, only 62 percent of the overall population of high school graduates in 2000 finished three years of math in a manner that successfully introduced them to this integral content. This figure implies that students are not gaining the knowledge and proficiency they should possess to perform well in the world outside schooling. In fact, of roughly 70% pupils who promptly advance to college, approximately 28% should enroll in refresher or remedial programs in math or English. Moreover, a significant number of fourth grade and eight grade students poorly performed in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in 2003. (DiMaggio, 2001, p. 5). Every state that participated in the NAEP 4th grade math assessment test in 2000 and 2003 reported improvements in mean scores. Among the states that participated in the NAEP 8th grade assessment test in 2000 and 2003, the mean scores improved in numerous states (DiMaggio, 2001, p. 5). In a nutshell, the mean scores at all grade levels improved. Such progress is inspirin g and rewarding but the scores still show the unsatisfactory outcome of collaborative attempts to greatly improve the performance of all students. To sum up, the performance of students in math is not where they should be when measured up to the nation’s standards, the achievement levels of their international counterparts and their capacity to function well beyond high school (Strebe, 2009). The nation needs individuals that is capable of performing in the contemporary world, which implies that new teaching and learning strategies are needed to achieve the desired outcomes in math and other major subjects. Cooperative Learning Groups Learning has traditionally been focused on ‘competition’, hence, the emergence of cooperative learning. Cooperative learning is a model of instruction where small groups composed of learners of distinct capability levels team up to achieve common objectives and take full advantage of their potentials. Cooperative learning facilitate s individual responsibility within the framework of cooperation or group dynamics (Williams, 2002). Teamwork is an important component of the attainment of learning objectives of the course. In the context of cooperative learning, the learning is planned and organized to ensure that learning is actually occurring (Kagan, 1994). The teacher picks the groups to think about a multitude of perspectives, capabilities, ethnic/racial affiliations, gender and other attributes. Furthermore, cooperative learning builds a classroom partnership and harmonizes individual responsibility and interdependence. Because the task of the group is incomplete until every member has accurately and clearly understood the topic, every student is contributing to the attainment of a shared objective. With every student accountable to a specific part of the

The Importance of Reading Book Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Reading Book Essay There is much more to life than your work and spending time aimlessly with latest technology products. Reading books gives you that much needed break from the chaos in your life. It instills peace inside you, makes you relaxed and also exercises your brain in the process. When you read a book, it feels great to put yourself into a different world that the writer has created for you. Ask any avid reader about this and they too will agree that reading a book is same like watching a movie. When you spend hours and hours reading a book, creating a world with different characters in your mind, your imagination powers are sure to get a boost. Depending upon what you read, you will come out with the same experience as when you watch some really good movie. I have been a voracious reader ever since i learned how to read. Thats why i never get bored even being alone for a long time. I have found that reading books is the best medicine to kill boredom. What starts with reading story books, when you are a kid, turns into reading books for improving yourself as you grow older. From story books - technical management books - self improvement - spirituality and beyond, the journey is fantastic and you learn something with each passing day. You understand your thoughts and emotions more clearly. It makes you realize who you really are and makes your life more meaningful. Reading books will make you a better thinker and a better man. Thanks to technology you can easily find good articles to read on the internet. A great article can inspire and motivate you as much as a great book. Its not how much you read, but what you read which is more important. The only reason i recommend reading books over short articles is because when you spend hours with a thought or an idea then its more likely to stay with you for long time rather than when you spend just few minutes tinkering with it. Its easy to read a quote or an article for few minutes than discard it and continue with what you were doing. But when you invest your time in reading a good book, you end up spending at least a few hours reflecting on its contents as you read. Thus, its likely to stay with you for a longer time and have some positive influence on you. A good reader also varies his reading pace based on the content he is reading and what he wants to get from it. The purpose of reading news articles is different from reading stories, which is different from reading important documents. Over a period of time, you will understand how to vary your reading pace and comprehension based on what you read and what you want from it. Also, just reading good books is not enough. The way you read it is more important. When you come across a new idea or a different opinion, think upon it deeply. Dont accept it or reject it blindly. Try to reason with it and understand the writers point of view. Reflect upon the thoughts that come to your mind whenever you read a great book. You will know whether a book is great or not based on the thoughts it awakens inside you. As you continue this habit of reading and reflecting on what you read, you will start forming your own thoughts and values. It will challenge your mind and the thoughts, customs and traditions that you have grown up with. However, there is one thing which you should always remember when you make this a daily habit, as you are investing a part of your life doing it. Too much reading, without any thinking and action isnt of much use. When you know you are ready to do something its time to move to the next step. Act upon what you think is right and what you have decided to do. Its easy to get so much involved in the reading process, that you forget that the main purpose of reading is to make you a better person which can only happen when you act upon it. Just finishing one book after another without any real action from your side wont help you. What kind of person you want to be and what you would ultimately become depend greatly upon the type of content that you read and how much you act upon them. Reading articles that promote negativity, hatred and give wrong information is dangerous. Its better to not read anything at all than read such articles. Whether you read on some electronic device or prefer reading an actual book. Thats your personal choice. Personally, i prefer to read actual books whenever possible. I find that even after hours of reading my eyes feel fresh and full of energy. Thats something i dont find when i read too much on my computer. Before ending this article, i would like to summarize few important points and also suggest some Dos and Donts of reading: * Always read your content from a safe distance. Neither too close to your eyes neither too far away from your eyes. * Always prefer quality over quantity. Better to read one great book than hundred mediocre ones. * Understand properly what you have read and reflect upon it. * Dont accept anything blindly that you read but think for yourself and try to understand the reason behind whats been written. * Bookmark interesting pages for future reference. You never know when you will need them. * Sometimes it takes more than one reading to fully grasp some thing. Dont be disappointed if you dont understand a book in one reading. Maybe when you come back to it the next time, you will get it. * Focus completely on what you are reading. Dont think about other stuff while reading. * If possible, create a favorite spot in your house for reading books. You will feel more relaxed whenever you are there. * And above all, enjoy your reading experience. The habit of reading good content daily will act like an exercise for your mind and keep you mentally fit and flexible. If you have never given it a try then always remember that its never too late to start a good habit.

The weaknesses of the Ontological argument give support to Atheism. Discuss this statement Essay Example for Free

The weaknesses of the Ontological argument give support to Atheism. Discuss this statement Essay Anselm’s ontological argument described in part (a), was refuted in his own lifetime, by Gaunilo, who demonstrated in a reduction ad absurdum of his own, that if the logic of the argument were applied to things other than God, it led to invalid conclusions. Gaunilo didn’t identify any specific fault with the argument, but argued that something must be wrong with it, because if there wasn’t anything wrong, then we can use its logic to prove anything, which we may have no reason to believe to be true. For instance, Gaunilo argued that it’s possible to construct an argument in the exact same form as the ontological argument, that claims to prove the existence of the perfect island: this island must exist for if it did not then it would be possible to conceive of an island greater than that island than which no greater can be conceived, which is absurd. Therefore, if the ontological argument works, then the argument for the existence of the perfect island must work too. They are both logically similar, so they stand, or fall together. However, the argument for the island is clearly spurious, as we have no reason for this ‘perfect island’ to exist. Unless a theist can point to some relevant difference between his argument for the existence of God, and Gaunilo’s argument for the existence of the perfect island, the theist will have to abandon the ontological argument for the existence of God, as well as Gaunilo’s, because if one fails, then they both do, as they are so similar. This weakness of the ontological argument adds fuel to the fire for atheists through Gaunilo putting forward his argument for the existence of the perfect island as an objection to the ontological argument. He knew that they would both fall, which shows that neither argument works which further supports atheists. Another weakness of the ontological argument which gives support to atheists is Immanuel Kant’s objection to it: Existence is not a Predicate. Fundamental to both Anselm’s and Descartes’ form of the ontological argument is that existence is a predicate, an attribute or a quality that can be possessed or lacked. These qualities for example, may or may not belong to a thing or being and their presence or absence is part of our understanding and apprehension of it. Kant observed however, that existence isn’t associated with the definition of something, since it didn’t add to our understanding of that thing. This supports atheism as existence is merely something that we can have or not have, and it is absurd to say what something is like without it existing. It also supports atheism as an atheist would say that we can’t ascribe existence a priori to a definition of a perfect being. Bertrand Russell furthered Kant’s observations, proposing that ‘existence’ was not a predicate, but a term used to solely indicate the instance of something in the ‘spatio temporal’ world. To say something exists only tells us that that thing occupies a space on the earth. For example saying ‘Cows are brown, and exist’ tells us only one thing: they are brown. The ‘and exist’ shows that they are on the earth, however it’s a tautology since to say they are brown, effectively suggests that they exist and aren’t imaginary. Thomas Aquinas had already questioned this aspect of the ontological argument, claiming that Anselm was guilty of making ‘transitional error’ – moving from the definition of God to the existence of Him. He observed that Anselm also was guilty of making an assumption about the definition of God that was not necessarily shared by all believers. This supports atheism because not all believers believed in Anselm’s definition of God, which poses the question, if people have different views on the right or wrong definition of God, what’s to say that they could ALL be wrong, and atheism is the truth in it all? Furthermore, Aquinas said that understanding the term ‘God’ means that God exists in the understanding, not in reality. God’s existence in reality must be demonstrated a posteriori, with evidence or experience. Atheism is supported in this way, as atheists could argue that anyone can believe what they like in their minds, but something has to be evident in material form in reality to be actually real. Overall, the weaknesses generally give support to atheism as they show alternatives and flaws in the ontological argument. The ways in which atheists interpret the critic’s objections leads to further belief that God does not exist. Atheists are supported primarily by the fact that the ontological argument is a priori, so does not rely on empirical evidence, therefore if there was empirical evidence for God’s existence, they might be swayed slightly in their beliefs.

Development Of A Web Based Payroll System Computer Science Essay

Development Of A Web Based Payroll System Computer Science Essay Saving time considered to be a leading topic in this modern world where people try to get their work done in a least amount of time. Therefore time spent on simple things in day to day life made easier as web-online has conquered that place. With that intension this payroll system has been developed to organizations where small branches involved. Developing such web based payroll system may facilitate the process of attendance to paying wages for employees. Not only those employees will be able to print their payslips online with no hassle but also they will be able to view their attendance details in their payslip which would be an added feature compared to other systems. To develop the above said web application a research took place in finding which tools has to be used, how the system work, how many users should be involved, how it benefits the company and employees and how the taxations work. Therefore for the payroll web application php, mysql and apache has been used correspondingly in programming, database and web server which comes in a package as wamp for windows. In supporting the above chosen wamp server umlet, dreamweaver, css styles, java script used correspond to drawing uml diagrams, php codings, interface designs and codings. Further in calculating taxes, current tax code and percentages of taxes been used according to current rate of HMRC revenue. Hence, the current system of payroll in organizations has also been observed in concluding the whole process of payroll with the taxations. Payroll system is generally available and could be accessed multiply. An iterative and incremental approach applied throughout developing the payroll system where a piece of coding is tested as it went along with the development. This was useful in finding particular errors affected towards the system and not only that it helped to correct them but also it helped to step forward and trying new functions towards the goal. As php codes takes a major role in this payroll system, validations of functionalities based on it has been quite tricky and useful towards improving knowledge of php and the system. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 4 Chapter 2. Aims Objectives 4 Chapter 3. Prior research 5 Chapter 4. Literature Review 8 Chapter 5. Software Requirements 10 Chapter 6. WAMP server 11 Chapter 7. Design of the payroll system 13 16 Chapter 8. System architecture 17 Chapter 9. Development of Payroll System 19 23 Problem Log 26 List of figures 27 References 28 Appendices 30 Introduction Payroll system is a web application based on client server and electronic payment technology, which is aimed at developing a system that manages the payment of monthly wages of employees in an organization. It is supported by a database consisting of its employees details and their attendance details. According to that end of each month the salary is paid to the corresponding bank account of the employee. It also considers employees income tax regulations and NI contributions. Hence it shall deduct the appropriate amount of deductions at their salary if they earn more than  £647 per month. Further a payslip could be generated taking the above in to account. The following technologies have been used in developing the above said application. WAMP server CSS Macromedia Dreamweaver Umlet Aims Objectives The proposed system would allow the user to do their work in prototype. Hence, it has many gains compared to a manual system. In manual systems a main problem seems to be is maintaining the number of records and finding a particular record. Further calculating the final pay after income tax and other deductions would consume a lot of time. But the proposed system is capable of calculating the deductions automatically. Some of the features of the proposed system are given below: Maintaining the Database for Admin, Employee, attendance etc.. Attendance report. Generate payslips. Prior research Fact gathering techniques were used for the following reasons, To identify the problem in a payroll system. To avoid repetition. To complete these tasks following techniques has been used, 1. Interviews a basic source of quality information. Allows gathering information from an existing system where an administrator or manager could be the user. It facilitates to discover areas of misunderstandings, indication of resistance to the proposed system. An interview could be a structured or an unstructured in this state. In a structured interview questions are standardized and in an unstructured interview questions are worded to suit the respondent that provide the information about the areas overlooked or not thought to be important. Comparison of the structured and unstructured interviewing are detailed as below. Advantages: Structured: Ensures uniform wording of questions to all respondents. Easy to administer and evaluate. Less interview training required. Result in shorter time. Unstructured: Questions can be worded to suit the respondent. May produce the information about the areas overlooked or not thought to be important. Disadvantages: Structured: Cost of preparation is high. Such high level of structure may not always be suitable. Some respondent may resist to such structure. Unstructured: Inefficient use of interviewer and respondent time. Results take a longer time. Extra time required for the collection of essential facts. The success of the interview depends on the skill of the interviewer and his/her preparation for the interview. Analysts must also be aware of the kinds of difficulties at some interview, and must know how to deal with the potential problems. Conducting interviews determines qualitative information such as, Activities involved in process of taking the attendance. Activities involved in the process of Payslip generation. Limitation of existing system. Problems faced by the user in the existing system. 2. Record Inspection Analysing facts from documents, examining information which has recorded about the system and users. Examining forms, files about an existing system. Such records may include, Written policy manuals. Rules and regulations. Standard operating procedures used in the Payroll and Attendance System Forms and documents. A good documentation system provides relationships and interaction between them. Further would give an idea of the structure activities, procedures and flow of data. But it would not show how each task performed or where the decision making power lies. To gather details about the payroll system several kinds of records and reports has been reviewed such as, Standard operating procedure Reports generated by an existing system. Document flow (input/output) of the Payroll and Attendance System. Process of Preparing the Payslip. Process of deducting the salary for tax and NI contributions. Types and format of database registers. 3. Observation could bring missed facts, duplicate work done unintentionally. Its not the quantity of time observed is important but the unusual angles of observation of the work content and methods would be more useful. Observation may focus on, Operational inefficiencies. Alternate routes and procedures. Interruptions in the normal flow of work. The usage of files and documents. Informal communication channels, etc. On site observation provides a close view of the working real system, objects, documents and occurrences of events. Literature Review Considering the research took place towards developing a new payroll system the limits of the current system seems to be affecting in many ways not only the admin staff, manager or company but also to the employees concerning their wages and payslips. Check-in attendance to paying wages the whole process seems to be dragging and time consuming of admin, manager and employees. The attendance check-in system which is currently in operation has to be a double work where firstly the attendance is checked by paper in a prepared sheet for it and then will be entered to the system later with times when the employees started work and ended work. Therefore the each of employee has to look for his/her name in the registry which is in a paper and sign in/out with time ahead his/her name on it and then the admin staff who enters them in the system has also got to find the names on page in the system to clock him/her in/out. This system seems to be a hassle for the admin where it could be done in one go. So the new system would take away that headache from admin where he/she could do it one click per staff. When an employee logs in just a click in front of his name would clock him in and the time of work started will be recorded automatically. Like wise the when the employee finishes work clocked out time will be recorded and the attendance counts towards his pay. In the above case another popular scenario could be when an employee begins work at a late time, admin has to deduct the pay hours or pay corresponding to that. But because the times of clock-in will be entered to the system automatically there wont be any need of altering the timings of employees. Therefore again it facilitates the work of admin staff. Moving on with the attendance to the wages of employees, some of the companies account departments are outsourced simultaneously some others got their own accountants. So in transferring wages to employee bank accounts and for tax deductions account departments are involved and the attendance checked by admin staff will be forwarded to the appropriate account department. Account department uses the national rate of taxes for employee earnings according to HM Revenue Customs and the relevant amount of taxes will be deducted depending on employees earning. Even in this scenario it is another point where human resources could be saved a s software applications could be used which would process the attendance to final pay after calculating taxes. Therefore it is another advantage to be seen in the new payroll system. Not only that, chances of making mistakes in entering the attendances or pay to the system could be avoided in the new payroll system. Hence, the new payroll system shall lead towards paying wages to the employees. After making payments to employees keeping records of paid amounts and record of due amounts also seem to be an additional point when comparing against the previous systems where paid records kept at account departments. Therefore possibilities of misconception have been avoided between employees and management by having these records as proof. Looking at the employee payslips in the previous system it had to be sent by a separate department to the employees by post. But in the new payroll system, payslips made available online to employees where there wont be any need to wait for payslips to arrive. Retail giant Tesco reveals in The one (june) as below, Driven by security and environmental issues, the move to online notification of pay is set to take place this summer, saving postage and paper on up to 4.7million payslips a year. Further rather than just being a payslip provided in the new payroll system it also has the feature of displaying the attendance according to which the salary is paid. And also it is available to print in addition to viewing. Plus an employee will be able to view and print the salary sheets of the previous months too which has been another outstanding step in the new system. Even though it could be a large page of salary sheet due to displaying all the attendances, it is concerned as fact of giving the accurate information stored to the employees and this would build up confidence and trust towards the company. Software Requirements Functional Requirements Admin: In this module admin is provided with many services such as Add new employee, Update employee details, Mark in/out attendance, Update salary Details, view/print salary slips, payment to employees. Employee: In this module employee is provided with the services such as View earnings, View deductions, View and print salary slip. Non-Functional Requirements System can endure even though many number of users requested the desired service. By incorporating a robust and proven database, reliable performance and integrity of data is ensured. There must be a power backup for server system. Ensure sensitive data is protected from unwanted access by users and implementing appropriate technology to strict user- access criteria. WAMP server WAMP is an open source collaborated web development kit which contains all the ingredients such as Apache, PHP and the MySQL database you need to develop and create web applications It also comes with an inbuilt phpMyAdmin page which allows you to easily manage your databases. Further it is a solution kit that will allow you to reproduce your production server. One important aspect of the WAMP server is that once it is installed and is in play, the manager has the freedom to install as many latest releases of Apache, MySql or PHP. Functionalities of the WAMP Functions are very easy and less complicated; they are straightforward and can be viewed by just a click which will enable you to : Manage Apache and MySQL services Switch online/offline (give access to everyone or only localhost) Install and switch Apache, MySQL and PHP releases Manage server settings Access logs Access settings files Create alias Why an open source has been used They are free Totally free and available to the general public. Software developers and programmers can use them in improving their existing software or create new programs. Doesnt require a license or sales fee. They are cross-platform and technology-neutral. Programs are usable virtually by everyone as ensured by the open source community. Open source programs are not dependant on any individual technology or style and they are technology-neutral. It shall meet the criteria as long as it runs on more than one operating system. They must not restrict other software gives software developers the maximum control and flexibility. They embrace diversity open source programs cannot discriminate against any person or group of persons. Looking more into features of the above used, Apache 2.2.6 As its main job it parses files requested by a browser and display results according to the code. It is powerful and could achieve any virtual task that required. Authentication/authorization make simpler certain authentication configurations. Caching considering production quality. Configurations made simpler and modularised. Proxying load balancing provided. Large file support support files larger than 2GB. PHP 5.2.5 Stands for Hypertext Pre-processor and is a server-side scripting language which allows a website to be keep alive. Controls memory consumption between requests. Improved speed of arrays. MySQL 5.0.45 MySQL is a structured query language server which has been designed to process complex queries and for heavy loads. It enables PHP and Apache to work together to access and display data in a browser. For maximum efficiency and speed it allows many tables to join together as a relational database. Cursors server-side cursors supported. Triggers triggers supported. Views updatable, named views supported. Design of the payroll system Payroll system is designed for a small organization/branch/department where there would be less employees compared to a large number of employees payroll system. Admin and employee are the two main users of the system. Considering the system as a whole, the following steps have been taken in process of functionality. Add new employee personal details of the new employee would be added with a pay rate per hour. Edit employee details capacity of updating employee details Delete employee delete an employee when an employee is no more with the organisation Clock in/out marking the attendance according to which an attendance report would be printed and be paid to the employee. Attendance report to view/print attendance report. Salary sheet 1st of every month employees will get paid according to the hours worked and the salary sheet would include worked hours, hourly pay, NI contributions, income tax and net salary. The salary sheet could be printed/viewed. Payment payment is made according to the net salary of the employee. A record would be kept on payment details date, time, employee id and amount. Class diagram below shows the structure of the system with its classes, attributes and the relationships between the classes. CLASS DIAGRAM glass Relate to the design of the system as said above there are two users who get access to the payroll such as admin and employee. Use case diagram below presents a graphical overview of the functionalities of the payroll system in terms of actors, goals and their dependencies between use cases. It shall show what system functions are performed by admin and employee. USE CASE DIAGRAM System architecture Payroll system is a web based application created using three tier architecture and an iterative, incremental approach to design used in the process of development. Figure 1. three blocks which represents the client-server architecture Client block a client side application which runs on an operating systems graphical user interface. Passes the challenges to the middleware block and it handles the non-local services. Client also runs a component of the distributed system management which could be a simple negotiator to an entire front end application on a managed station. Server block a server side application which runs on top of a shrink-wrapped server software package. Server side depends on the operating system to interface with the middleware block which brings the requests. Server also runs a distributed system management which could be a simple negotiator on a managed PC to an entire back end application. Middleware block runs both on the client and the server side of an application. Likewise the above middleware also has a distributed system management component. As Orfali et al(1999)states in contrast to using other form of distributed software client server architecture inherits the following characteristics, Service client is a consumer of service and the server is a provider of service. Therefore, client-server provides a clean division of function based service. Shared resources server could provide service to many clients same time and regulate access to shared resources. Asymmetrical protocols clients always initiate with a request for service and servers wait for requests from clients. Transparency of location Mix and match client/server is independent of hardware or operating system software platforms. Able to mix and match between platforms. Message based exchanges message is the delivery mechanism for service requests and replies. Clients and servers interact through message passing mechanism. Encapsulation of services without affecting the clients server can be upgraded as long as the published interface is not changed. Scalability client/server systems could be scaled horizontally or vertically. In horizontal scaling with a slight performance impact client workstations could be added or removed. In vertical scaling, across multiple servers processing loads are distributed or larger and faster machines are migrated. Integrity server code and server data are centrally managed which outcomes in cheaper maintenance and protecting data integrity. Same time clients stay independent and personal. Development of Payroll System As mentioned above admin and employee are the two users of the payroll system. Many users could be added in the database as admin users. Therefore added all admin users shall be privileged to perform admin tasks in fulfilling their needs. A login process for any user involves few components such as, Form of submitting the login information A validation to confirm the information has been submitted. A database query which compares the submitted information against the stored information. After successful login as an admin staff view of the homepage would look like below, Admin homepage Figure 2. home page of admin staff with quick access icon. As shown above using icons of the homepage or using the tabs on top, corresponding page could be accessed. Further in addition to the tabs an admin could change his/her password using the icon on the homepage which would also update the database according to it. Doing so would give a conformation saying that the update has been successfully completed. Employee page allows admin to add a new employee with employee personal details and also allows updating details of employee. The details of employee would be saved in the database and further an employee attendance details, payments made, payment balance could be viewed. If an employee doesnt exist anymore his/her details will be deleted and this will remove his/her details from the database too.   Figure 3. a page which opens to update details of an employee from employee page. Update employee information An employee who is entered to the system in the database will automatically be inserted in attendance check-in in the attendance page. Therefore when admin staff does the attendance check employee name will be selected from the arrow-down list and it will display below to view which employees has arrived to work. Simultaneously database will be updated in the check-out table with the check-in information of the employee who has been clocked-in. By the time when the corresponding employee finishes his/her work shift, admin would check-out from the drop-down list again. Doing so would remove the check-in information of the employee from the check-out table in database and the attendance information will be entered to the attendance report and the payslip adding to his/her worked hours towards the final pay. Attendance check-in/check-out Figure 4. attendance check-in and out for employees by admin. Therefore admin staffs are able to view an attendance report of an employee in the employee page where it is referred to an employee. Not only that, the details of attendance will also be displayed in the payslips where could printed from the salary sheet page. In the salary page an admin staff can select the employee name which ever she/he wants to print the payslip of. Further after selecting the employees name, again admin is capable of selecting which months payslip she/he wants to print.   Doing so would open a page and enables to print it according to which was selected by admin.   Considering the deductions of taxes which are income tax and NI contributions, when the pay is calculated end of each month automatically the above taxes would be deducted in a rate 15% for income tax and 9% for NI contributions. Therefore the final net pay would be calculated automatically as the salary for each employee. An important factor here involved in deductions is, inclusion of a tax code to the pay.   At a national rate of 647 which reveals that up to a pay of  £647 per month the above said tax would not be deducted and who ever earns above the rate of  £647 will have to pay the above mentioned taxes. Therefore the above said taxes will automatically be deducted when an employee earns above the tax code.   Regarding salary payments to the employees, net pay for each month will be paid end of that month to the employee. In the payments page this could be done and who ever needs to be paid can be selected from the drop down list. When a payment is made to an employee a record will be kept in the database in the payments and also the recent paid payments records will also be displayed below in the payments page. Further if theres a balance due to pay it will record and could be viewed in the employee details. Therefore any remaining payments could be checked straight away and can get rid of under paying, shortages and keeping balance payments to employees. And also because the employee gets payments according to his worked hours there is no fraud involved or alterations cannot be made. In such way this payment could be considered as secure method of paying salaries.   Payslip of an employee Figure 5. Payslip of an employee which records not only the NI contributions and income taxes but also the attendance of an employee. Apart from functions of  payment and attendance an admin also can change his/ her password from the homepage using change password icon for a given admin username.   Finally taking admin privileges as whole, admin takes the responsibility of adding new employee, updating employee details, deleting employee, the attendance system which is checkin-in and out of employees in order to record their attendance towards their wages and the payment system which includes paying wages and keeping records of them.   Payments page where salary paid Figure 6. Paying wages for employees by an admin staff. In the event of employee user functions each and every employee will have their own passwords assigned by the admin when each employee registers with the payroll system. Doing so will create separate users for employees to access their attendance report and in printing their payslips. Passwords for employee login could only be changed by an admin user in edit employee details. Matching login details with the payroll database would allow the user to access his/her profile which contents the attendance report and the salary sheet of employee. Figure 7. Homepage of an employee user. Not only the tabs displayed would allow accessing the corresponding page but also the shortcut icons in the homepage would allow doing so. In the attendance page an employee could view his/her attendance so far and will also be able to print it. Likewise in the salary sheet page by selecting the necessary month of salary sheet allows to view and print the corresponding salary sheet. Figure 8. months of the salary sheets given to choose from. Figure 9. salary sheet for a chosen month of an employee. Problem Log Error Date Explanation Solution 1.fatal error: function name must be a string 03-05-10 appropriate brackets not used Change the brackets style 2.notice undefined index php 03-05-10 Post method not defined properly $fname = $_POST[fname]; 3.parser error: 25-05-10 Retrieving method not defined properly per row while($row = mysql_fetch_array( $result )) 4. Notice: Use of undefined constant id assumed id 27-05-10 Undefined id with brackets Define id with brackets 5. Parse error: syntax error, unexpected $end 01-07-10 No ending, missing brackets Include appropriate brackets 6. logging out to a blank page 02-07-10 Should revert to log-in page Include a header 7. Parse error: syntax error, unexpected T_constant_encapsed_string 02-07-10 Using invalid symbol Use inverted comas appropriately 8. parser error 03-07-10 Unexpected ending Php headers and appropriate brackets List of figures Figure 1. three blocks which represents the client-server architecture 17 Figure 2. home page of admin staff with quick access icon. 19 Figure 3. a page which opens to update details of an employee from employee page. 20 Figure 4. attendance check-in and out for employees by admin. 21 Figure 5. Payslip of an employee which records not only the NI contributions and income taxes but also the attendance of an employee. 22 Figure 6. Paying wages for employees by an admin staff. 23 Figure 7. Homepage of an employee user. 23 Figure 8. months of the salary sheets given to choose from. 24 Figure 9. salary sheet for a chosen month of an employee. 25 Figure 10. Employee table in the payroll database 29

Preparing for the Olympics :: Olympics Sports Athletics Essays

Preparing for the Olympics Every two years, countries around the world join together in excitement for the Olympic Games. Either winter or summer, the Olympics are something everyone seems to look forward to in one way or another. Olympic preparation is no easy task, for the athletes, nor for the event staff. When the idea of Olympic preparation is brought up, two main ideas come to mind. How is the site for the Olympics picked? And how is it decided who carries the Olympic torch? After careful research, the answers to these questions have been found. First, the topic of how an â€Å"Olympic City† comes to be. All cities applying to become candidate cities to host the Olympic Games are subject to a candidature acceptance procedure, conducted by the IOC Executive Board. IOC stands for International Olympic Committee. In the end the IOC Executive Board will determine which cities are accepted as candidate cities. There are several criteria that a host city must meet in order to be considered a candidate for the job. Two of these are: ability to host, organize and stage high level international multi-sports events and compliance with the Olympic Charter and the IOC Code of Ethics. Once the candidates are chosen based on more general elements, the process of choosing an Olympic host can begin. There are usually five cities chosen as possible candidates for the prestige honor of hosting the Olympic Games. From here each city must fill out a lengthy questionnaire about their plans for the Olympic Games. The main topics on the questionnaire concern Motivation and Support, Political and Public Support, General Infrastructure, Sports Infrastructure, Logistics and Experience, and the Financing of the games. After this long and in depth form, the IOC has a better knowledge of each city’s plans for all the events and coordination for the Games. After the questionnaire is received the IOC can send experts to the city to further investigate certain matters pertaining to the questions answered. This is usually done to ensure that the correct choice is made to further the â€Å"Olympic Movement.† Each of the five candidate cities receives a visit by not only the experts, but by the IOC to discuss matters more in depth to get a better feel for the city and it’s ideas for the Games. Preparing for the Olympics :: Olympics Sports Athletics Essays Preparing for the Olympics Every two years, countries around the world join together in excitement for the Olympic Games. Either winter or summer, the Olympics are something everyone seems to look forward to in one way or another. Olympic preparation is no easy task, for the athletes, nor for the event staff. When the idea of Olympic preparation is brought up, two main ideas come to mind. How is the site for the Olympics picked? And how is it decided who carries the Olympic torch? After careful research, the answers to these questions have been found. First, the topic of how an â€Å"Olympic City† comes to be. All cities applying to become candidate cities to host the Olympic Games are subject to a candidature acceptance procedure, conducted by the IOC Executive Board. IOC stands for International Olympic Committee. In the end the IOC Executive Board will determine which cities are accepted as candidate cities. There are several criteria that a host city must meet in order to be considered a candidate for the job. Two of these are: ability to host, organize and stage high level international multi-sports events and compliance with the Olympic Charter and the IOC Code of Ethics. Once the candidates are chosen based on more general elements, the process of choosing an Olympic host can begin. There are usually five cities chosen as possible candidates for the prestige honor of hosting the Olympic Games. From here each city must fill out a lengthy questionnaire about their plans for the Olympic Games. The main topics on the questionnaire concern Motivation and Support, Political and Public Support, General Infrastructure, Sports Infrastructure, Logistics and Experience, and the Financing of the games. After this long and in depth form, the IOC has a better knowledge of each city’s plans for all the events and coordination for the Games. After the questionnaire is received the IOC can send experts to the city to further investigate certain matters pertaining to the questions answered. This is usually done to ensure that the correct choice is made to further the â€Å"Olympic Movement.† Each of the five candidate cities receives a visit by not only the experts, but by the IOC to discuss matters more in depth to get a better feel for the city and it’s ideas for the Games.

Marvin Gaye Author Of Soul Music :: essays research papers fc

Marvin Gaye; Author of Love Music Bibliography Bayles, Martha. Hole In Our Soul. New York: The Free Press, 1994 Coleman, Nick. â€Å"Lost Soul.† New Statesman 4 Sept. 1998: 127. EBSCO Host. Centennial High School Lib., Franklin, TN. 14 Feb. 2001 <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html>. Editor’s of Time-Life Books. Turbulent Years: The 60s. Our American Century. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1998. â€Å"Gaye, Marvin (Pentz Jr.).† Biography.com: 4. Online. World Wide Web. 12 Feb. 2001. Available http//www.biography.com. Gracyk, Theodore. An Aesthetics Of Rock. Duke University: Duke University Press Durham and London 1996 Haa, Erikka. Soul. New York: Friedman\Fairfax, 1994. â€Å"Marvin Gaye (1939-1984).† Discovering Biography. Windows Version. CD-ROM. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Outline I. Intro II. Music A. Sex B. Feelings C. Life III. Life A. Early Life B. Addictions C. Death IV. Conclusion Harrington 1 Kci & Jojo, R. Kelly, and Blackstreet are all musicians who have modernized the music of Soul; the music invented by Marvin Gaye. Marvin Gaye used his feelings of himself, surroundings, and life to write his one-of-a-kind music. Soul music, often referred to as "love man music", was not about drugs or winning a championship it was about sex, romance, and passion, Marvin Gaye was about it all and more. Marvin Gaye, the Prince of Motown, revolutionized his music into one of America's most controversial musical forms, "love man music", which would later become Soul Music. Marvin Gaye's music became so popular with the public because it was so risquà ©; the music was about sex. Gaye adored the respect and attention he received from his fans. Songs like "Lets get it on" and "Sexual Healing" became so popular because they were so deeply involved in lovemaking. A loyal fan on Gaye, David Ritz, explains the love expressed in Gaye's music: [Gaye] loved fully orchestrated, wildly romantic music... By now he had mastered multi-track vocalizing, the art of playing with his voices. The use of moaning women in the background sounded childish, but sexual noise was an integral part of the little boy fantasy which lay at the heart of what seems to me a work of rare beauty. (Bayles 271) His music was new, something people have experienced, but were ready for it and excited to hear it. "Love music" also appeared so sudden because the people were tired of the Rock and Roll scene that swarmed America. An unknown fan of the love Harrington 2 music that was coming about, explains why it took the place of Rock at the top of the charts. "The assumption was that every woman in her right mind would prefer the love men's smooth talking satin-sheets-on-the-waterbed approach to the ear blistering screeching of white boys with road kill hair (Bayles 271).